Table 1.
Alcohol Consumption and Severity of Liver Disease in NAFLD
| Author (year) | Study population | Study design | Sample size | Definition of moderate alcohol use | Method for determining NAFLD | Outcome measure | Conclusion |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kwon et al. (2014)11 | USA, NAFLD | Cross-sectional | 77 (43 female) | ≤40 g/wk | Liver biopsy | Fibrosis stage, fibrosis score, ALT, AST, fibrosis score | Lower fibrosis score in the above-median alcohol consumption group |
| Dunn et al. (2012)8 | USA, NAFLD | Cross-sectional | 582 (384 female) | ≤140 g/wk | Liver biopsy | Fibrosis stage, steatohepatitis state | Lower risk for fibrosis and steatohepatitis in moderate alcohol consumption group |
| Ekstedt et al. (2009)12 | Scandinavia, NAFLD | Prospective cohort | 71 (20 female) | ≤140 g/wk | Liver biopsy | Fibrosis stage, ALT, AST | Heavy episodic drinking positively relates with higher fibrosis stage |
| Hagström et al. (2017)13 | Sweden, NAFLD | Prospective cohort | 120 (37 female) | ≤168 g/wk | Liver biopsy | Fibrosis stage, ALT, AST | Moderate alcohol consumption and fibrosis stage relates negatively |
| Cotrim et al. (2009)14 | Brazil, obese (BMI >40 kg/m2) | Cross-sectional | 132 (91 female) | ≤280 g/wk | Liver biopsy | Fibrosis stage, ALT, AST, IR | Alcohol and NAFLD severity had no correlation |
| Sinn et al. (2014)15 | Korea, NAFLD | Cross-sectional | 2280 (male only) | ≤140 g/wk | Ultrasound | Fibrosis score, ALT, AST, carotid plaque | Moderate alcohol consumption and carotid plaques formation relates negatively |
| Dixon et al. (2001)16 | Australia, obese | Cross-sectional | 105 (23 female) | ≤200 g/wk | Liver biopsy | ALT, AST | Less NASH probability in the moderate alcohol drinking group |
| Ascha et al. (2010)17 | USA | Retrospective cohort | 510 (183 female), NASH 195 (109 female) | ≤308 g/wk | Liver biopsy | HCC development | Alcohol consumption positively relates with risk of HCC |
| Ajmera et al. (2018)18 | NASH-CRN participants | Longitudinal cohort | 285 (199 female) | ≤140 g/wk | Liver biopsy | Resolution of definit NASH, Fibrosis score, ALT, AST | Less improvement of NAFLD in the consistent moderate alcohol drinking group |
| Yamada et al. (2018)19 | Japanese, NAFLD | Cross-sectional | 178 (85 female) | ≤140 g/wk | Liver biopsy | Fibrosis score, steatosis score | Less fibrosis score in the moderate alcohol drinking group |
| Patel et al. (2017)20 | Australian, diabetes and NAFLD | Cross-sectional | 151 (55 female) | ≤140 g/wk | Controlled attenuation parameter | Liver stiffness, ALT, AST | Alcohol consumption is not associated with lifer fibrosis in diabetic and NAFLD patients |
NAFLD, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; BMI, body mass index; IR, insulin resistance; NASH, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis; HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma; NASH-CRN, Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis Clinical Research Network.