Table 4.
Summary of numerical results of included studies
| Authors | Outcome (measure) | Baseline | Follow-up 1 | Follow-up 2 | |||
| Intervention Numbers Mean (SD) |
Control numbers Mean (SD) |
Intervention Numbers Mean (SD) |
Control Numbers Mean (SD) |
Intervention Numbers Mean (SD) |
Control Numbers Mean (SD) |
||
| Akandere and Demir45 | Depression (Beck Depression Scale) |
n=60 15.72 (7.004) |
n=60 16.53 (5.922) |
n=60 13.90 (5.568)*† |
n=60 17.48 (7.740) |
N/A | N/A |
| Amorose et al52 | Need satisfaction; sport competence, need for autonomy, need for relatedeness | n=93 Sport competence: 5.71 (0.84) Need for autonomy: 3.79 (0.79) Need for relatedness: 5.47 (1.15) |
n=93 Sport competence: 5.50 (1.07) Need for autonomy: 3.76 (0.59) Need for relatedness: 5.50 (1.21) |
N/A | N/A | ||
| Self-esteem (10-item Rosenberg’s Self-esteem Scale) | n=93 3.21 (0.45) |
n=93 3.21 (0.47) |
|||||
| Burnout (15-item Athlete Burnout Questionnaire) | n=93 2.05 (0.71) |
n=93 2.15 (0.64) |
|||||
| Kanojia et al46 | Anger (16-item questionnaire) | n=25 Postmenstrual phase: initial cycle 8.84 (4.01) Premenstrual phase: initial cycle 15.0 (5.92)‡ |
n=25 Postmenstrual phase: initial cycle 9.12 (4.41) Premenstrual phase: initial cycle 14.32 (5.24)‡ |
n=NR Postmenstrual second cycle 7.76 (3.53)§ Premenstrual second cycle 9.52 (4.70)§‡ |
n=NR Postmenstrual second cycle 9.04 (4.33) Premenstrual second cycle 14.28 (4.89)‡ |
n=NR Postmenstrual third cycle 7.92 (4.29) Premenstrual third cycle 8.52 (4.15)§¶ |
n=NR Postmenstrual third cycle 8.96 (4.65) Premenstrual third cycle 13.12 (4.83)‡ |
| Trait anxiety (40-item questionnaire) | n=25 Postmenstrual phase: initial cycle 40.64 (6.22) Premenstrual phase: initial cycle 46.96 (5.87)‡ |
n=25 Postmenstrual phase: initial cycle 41.6 (5.49) Premenstrual phase: initial cycle 46.76 (5.33)‡ |
n=NR Postmenstrual second cycle 39.40 (6.69) Premenstrual second cycle 41.48 (5.77)§‡ |
n=NR Postmenstrual second cycle 40.24 (6.97) Premenstrual second cycle 45.80 (6.41)‡ |
n=NR Postmenstrual third cycle 37.24 (9.14)§¶ Premenstrual third cycle 40.80 (5.75)§¶ |
n=NR Postmenstrual third cycle 38.64 (12.76) Premenstrual third cycle 43.88 (7.06) |
|
| Depression (10-item questionnaire) |
n=25 Postmenstrual phase: initial cycle 6.84 (3.10) Premenstrual phase: initial cycle 10.72 (4.19)‡ |
n=25 Postmenstrual phase: initial cycle 6.36 (4.13), Premenstrual phase: initial cycle 9.72 (3.89)‡ |
n=NR Postmenstrual second cycle 3.96 (2.59)§ Premenstrual second cycle 5.92 (3.76)§‡ |
n=NR Postmenstrual second cycle 6.24 (4.98) Premenstrual second cycle 9.56 (3.22)‡ |
n=NR Postmenstrual third cycle 3.12 (2.71)§¶ Premenstrual third cycle 4.76 (2.82)§¶‡ |
n=NR Postmenstrual third cycle 6.07 (2.81) Premenstrual third cycle 9.36 (2.96)‡ |
|
| Subjective well-being (50-item questionnaire) |
n=25 Postmenstrual phase: initial cycle 41.72 (16.05) Premenstrual phase: initial cycle 53.92 (20.35)‡ |
n=25 Postmenstrual phase: initial cycle 45.6 (14.05) Premenstrual phase: initial cycle 51.04 (14.89) |
n=NR Postmenstrual second cycle 39.64 (16.07)§ Premenstrual second cycle 44.48 (17.87)§‡ |
n=NR Postmenstrual second cycle 44.68 (16.5) Premenstrual second cycle 50.40 (18.67) |
n=NR Postmenstrual third cycle 37.20 (15.17)§¶ Premenstrual third cycle 40.24 (16.22)§¶ |
n=NR Postmenstrual third cycle 43.96 (14.01) Premenstrual third cycle 49.76 (17.02)‡ |
|
| Kim and Kim47 | Positive well-being (Subjective Exercise Experiences Scale) |
Ice skating (n=84): 19 (3.9) Hip-hop dance (n=45): 16.3 (4.2) Body conditioning (n=64): 15.3 (2.9) Aerobic dance (n=84): 16.8 (4.0) |
Ice skating (n=84): 20.4 (3.4) Hip-hop dance (n=45): 19.7 (3.4)* Body conditioning (n=64): 18 (2.8) Aerobic dance (n=84): 19.9 (3.9)* |
N/A | N/A | ||
| Psychological distress (Subjective Exercise Experiences Scale) |
Ice skating: 8.3 (3.9) Hip-hop dance: 9.8 (4.6) Body conditioning: 10.7 (4.1) Aerobic dance: 9.4 (4.2) |
Ice skating: 8.1 (3.9) Hip-hop dance: 7.3 (4.2)* Body conditioning: 9.6 (3.2) Aerobic dance: 6.7 (2.9)* |
N/A | N/A | |||
| Fatigue (Subjective Exercise Experiences Scale) |
Ice skating: 10.9 (5.4) Hip-hop dance: 16.2 (4.4) Body conditioning: 15.9 (4.4) Aerobic dance: 14.4 (5.0) |
Ice skating: 13.9 (5.3) Hip-hop dance: 12.9 (4.7)* Body conditioning: 13.9 (4.1) Aerobic dance: 11.2 (4.3)* |
N/A | N/A | |||
| Li et al48 | Self-esteem (Self-esteem Scale) |
n=101 31.17 (3.69) |
n=105 31.41 (3.29) |
n=96 (101 included in ITT analysis) 31.56 (3.30) |
n=105 (105 included in ITT analysis) 31.31 (3.27) | n=93 (ITT analysis) 30.81 (3.45) |
n=101 (ITT analysis) 31.0 (3.71) |
| Mood/mindfulness (Profile of Mood States (POMS) scale) |
n=101 102.3 (16.14) |
n=105 103.5 (17.34) |
n=96 (101 included in ITT analysis) 106 (15.68) |
n=105 (105 included in ITT analysis) 107.4 (17.95) | n=93 (ITT analysis) 103.8 (16.78) |
n=101 (ITT analysis) 104.6 (16.89) |
|
| QoL (WHOQOL-BREF) |
n=101 55.84 (6.65) |
n=105 54.94 (6.45) |
n=96 (101 included in ITT analysis) 55.09 (6.93) |
n=105 (105 included in ITT analysis) 54.26 (7.02) | n=93 (ITT analysis) 56.29 (7.45) |
n=101 (ITT analysis) 55.61 (7.45) |
|
| Attention (Schulte Grid) | n=101 213.9 (58.84) |
n=105 224.6 (47.52) |
n=96 (101 included in ITT analysis) 192.4 (47.14) |
n=105 (105 included in ITT analysis) 210.4 (54.15)† |
n=93 (ITT analysis) 193.9 (54.31) |
n=101 (ITT analysis) 202.8 (58.34) |
|
| Stress (Chinese Perceived Stress Scale) | n=101 24.22 (5.18) |
n=105 23.91 (5.50) |
n=96 (101 included in ITT analysis) 23.53 (5.40) |
n=105 (105 included in ITT analysis) 22.60 (5.43) |
n=93 (ITT analysis) 22.72 (5.72) |
n=101 (ITT analysis) 23.22 (5.72) |
|
| Self-symptom intensity (SCL-90 scale) | n=101 142.9 (33.58) |
n=105 142.1 (32.77) |
n=96 (101 included in ITT analysis) 135.6 (31.3) |
n=105 (105 included in ITT analysis) 136.2 (32.4) |
n=93 (ITT analysis) 130.6 (34.83) |
n=101 (ITT analysis) 130.4 (31.94) |
|
| Lindgren et al49 | General self-efficacy (General Self-efficacy Scale) | n=55 Median (IQR) 32.0 (11.0–54.0) |
n=53 Median (IQR) 32.0 (14.0–47.0) |
n=27 Median (IQR) 28.0 (15.0–48.0)*† |
n=36 Median (IQR) 35.0 (16.0–48.00) |
N/A | N/A |
| Specific self-efficacy (Social Barriers to Exercise Self-efficacy Questionnaire) | n=56 Median (IQR) Support: 9.0 (3.0–18.0) Social: 22.0 (7.0–35.0) |
n=54 Median (IQR) Support: 8.0 (3.0–16.0) Social: 18.5 (7.0–37.0) |
n=27 Median (IQR) Support: 8.0 (3.0–17.0) Social: 19.0 (7.0–36.0) |
n=36 Median (IQR) Support: 7.0 (3.0–18.0) Social: 19.0 (8.0–31.0) |
|||
| Noggle et al50 | Mood (POMS-Short Form) | n=36 Mood disturbance (−): 42.8 (19.3) Tension anxiety (−): 6.4 (4.7) Depression-dejection (−): 5.1 (5.0) Anger hostility (−): 6.5 (4.7) Vigour activity (+): 9.8 (4.4) Fatigue inertia (−): 8.3 (5.7) Confusion bewilderment (−): 6.8 (3.5) |
n=15 Mood disturbance (−): 44.5 (10.2) Tension anxiety (−): 6.7 (2.8) Depression-dejection (−): 4.9 (3.0) Anger hostility (−): 6.3 (2.7) Vigour activity (+): 10.2 (3.8) Fatigue inertia (−):9.8 (4.5) Confusion bewilderment (−): 6.6 (2.7) |
n=35 Mood disturbance (−): 38.4 (16.9)# medium-large effect size=0.689 (Cohen’s d) Tension anxiety (−): 5.1 (3.6)# Large effect size=0.870 (Cohen’s d) Depression-dejection (−): 4.7 (4.9) Anger hostility (−): 5.7 (5.0) Vigour activity (+): 9.3 (4.0) Fatigue inertia (−): 7.2 (5.2) Confusion bewilderment (−): 6.3 (3.5) |
n=15 Mood disturbance (−): 51.2 (20.1) Tension anxiety (−): 9.3 (5.8) Depression-dejection (−): 6.3 (4.2) Anger hostility (−): 7.1 (4.5) Vigour activity (+): 10.9 (3.5) Fatigue inertia (−): 9.3 (4.6) Confusion bewilderment (−): 8.3 (4.1) |
N/A | N/A |
| Stress (Perceived Stress Scale) |
n=36 19.2 (7.4) |
n=15 19.1 (3.8) |
n=35 18.6 (6.2) |
n=15 20.3 (5.4) |
N/A | N/A | |
| Positive psychology (Inventory of Positive Psychological Attitudes) | n=36 Positive psych attributes (+): 4.5 (1.0) Life purpose/satisfaction (+): 4.7 (1.0) Self-confidence during stress (+): 4.2 (1.0) |
n=15 Positive psych attributes (+): 4.5 (0.78) Life purpose/satisfaction (+): 4.8 (0.94) Self-confidence during stress (+): 4.2 (0.67) |
n=35 Positive psych attributes (+): 4.5 (1.2) Life purpose/satisfaction (+): 4.8 (1.1) Self-confidence during stress (+): 4.3 (0.98) |
n=15 Positive psych attributes (+): 4.2 (0.88) Life purpose/satisfaction (+): 4.6 (0.88) Self-confidence during stress (+): 4.0 (0.90) |
N/A | N/A | |
| Resilience (Resilience Scale) |
n=36 132.9 (18.4) |
n=15 132.1 (12.4) |
n=35 131.9 (24.5) |
n=15 127.9 (23.4) |
N/A | N/A | |
| Affect (Positive and Negative Affect Schedule for Children) |
n=36 Positive affect (+): 50.1 (11.5) Negative affect (−): 32.1 (12.5) |
n=15 Positive affect (+): 47.7 (9.4) Negative affect (−): 28.8 (7.7) |
n=35 Positive affect (+): 48.6 (11.7) Negative affect (−): 29.4 (11.5)# Medium-large effect size=0.659 (Cohen’s d) |
n=15 Positive affect (+): 49.2 (11.3) Negative affect (−): 38.4 (15.5) |
N/A | N/A | |
| Mindfulness (Child Acceptance Mindfulness Measure) |
n=36 53.9 (8.6) |
n=15 52.3 (6.7) |
n=35 53.4 (7.8) |
n=15 49.4 (7.2) |
N/A | N/A | |
| Anger (State Trait Anger Expression Inventory-2TM) | n=36 Inward (−): 16.4 (4.2) Outward (−): 17.2 (5.7) Control (+): 22.8 (5.5) |
n=15 Inward (−): 15.9 (3.3) Outward (−): 16.5 (4.0) Control (+): 22.7 (5.3) |
n=35 Inward (−): 16.8 (4.9) Outward (−): 16.9 (5.5) Control (+): 22.4 (6.1) |
n=15 Inward (−): 17.9 (4.6) Outward (−): 17.1 (3.7) Control (+): 20.9 (3.7) |
N/A | N/A | |
| Staiano et al51 | Self-efficacy (Exercise Confidence Survey) |
Cooperative (n=19): 38.16 (12.12) Competitive (n=19): 36.37 (13.97) |
n=16 37.38 (12.07) |
Cooperative (n=18): 42.11 (13.58) Competitive (n=17): 37.65 (10.03) |
n=14 34.57 (11.75) |
Cooperative (n=14): 43.29 (13.40) Competitive (n=11): 38.82 (8.82) |
n=10 35.30 (8.76) |
| Self-esteem (Rosenberg Self-Esteem scale) |
Cooperative (n=19): 22.79 (4.45) Competitive (n=19): 23.74 (6.47) |
n=16 22.69 (3.96) |
Cooperative (n=18): 22.67 (5.91) Competitive (n=18): 23.11 (4.78) |
n=15 22.40 (5.38) |
Cooperative (n=13): 24.08 (3.88) Competitive (n=9): 22.33 (5.74) |
n=11 20.45 (5.82) |
|
| Peer support (Friendship Quality Questionnaire) |
Cooperative (n=19): 71.89 (12.43) Competitive (n=19): 64.37 (19.58) |
n=16 70.13 (18.16) |
Cooperative (n=18): 75.22 (13.39) Competitive (n=18): 72.44 (10.78) |
n=15 72.33 (17.15) |
Cooperative (n=11): 80.18 (8.59) Competitive (n=13): 76.92 (14.04) |
n=10 59.70 (20.67) |
|
*P<0.05 from baseline to follow-up within groups.
†P<0.05 between groups at follow-up.
‡(Kanojia et al (2013)46 P<0.05 comparison between premenstrual and postmenstrual phase.
§(Kanojia et al (2013)46 P<0.05 in comparison with initial cycle.
¶(Kanojia et al (2013)46 P<0.05 in comparison with second cycle.
n, number of participants; N/A, not applicable; NR, not reported; ITT, intention to treat.