Table 1.
Alterations in the microbiome and metabolome during IBD.
| S. No | Increased | Decreased | Increased | Decreased |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Phylum proteobacteria [78,81] | Phylum Firmicutes [70,71,72,160] |
Colon mucosal tissue CD: glucose, glycerophosphorylcholine UC: arginine, glucose, glycerophosphorylcholine, lysine [144] |
Colon mucosal tissue CD: alanine, choline, formate, glutamine/glutamate, isoleucine/leucine/valine, lactate, myoinositol, succinate UC: alanine, choline, formate, glutamine/glutamate, isoleucine/leucine/valine, lactate, myoinositol, succinate [144] |
| 2 | Adherent-invasive E. coli (AIEC) [87], Campylobacter concisus [80], Clostridium difficil) [92], Bacteroides fragilis [75], Bacteroides vulgatus, Klebssiella pneumonie, fusobacterium varium [161]) | Butyrate producing bacteria e.g., Roseburia hominis and Faecalibacterium [136] |
Fecal matter CD: alanine, glycerol, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, valine UC: glutamate, lysine [162] |
Fecal matter CD: acetate, butyrate, methylamine, Trimethylamine UC: methylamine, trimethylamine [162] |
| 3 | R. gnavus [74] | Microbial diversity [69] |
Urine CD: formate, glycine, glycolate, guanidoacetate, methylhistidine UC: citrate, glycine, glycolate, guanidoacetate, methylhistidine [158] |
Urine CD: 4-cresol sulfate, citrate, hippurate UC: hippurate, trimethyllysine [158] |
| 4 | CD:Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis (MAP) [72] | Microbial genes in feces [43] | ND | SCFA synthesis [136] |
| 5 | Enterotoxigenic B. fragilis (ETBF) [98] | Decreased presence of anti-inflammatory F. prausnitzii, B. adolescentis, D. invisus [74] | ND | Amino acid biosynthesis [147] |
ND = No description.