FIGURE 4.
Rotenone/ATP stimulation causes strong mROS production and mtDNA release into the cytosol. A and B, mouse BMDMs were untreated (Unt) or treated with rotenone (Rot) (5 μm) or LPS for 2 h, followed by treatment with ATP (2.5 mm, 20 min) or nigericin (Nig) (5 μm, 30 min), as indicated. The cells were then stained with MitoSOX and analyzed by a flow cytometer. Four or three independent experiments were performed, and total mROS- or strong mROS-generating cells are plotted in B. Asterisks indicate significant differences as compared with ATP-treated samples (n = 4; *, p < 0.05; **, p < 0.005). C, mouse BMDMs were treated with rotenone (5 μm, 3 h), followed by treatment with ATP (2.5 mm, 20 min) or nigericin (5 μm, 30 min). Cytosolic mtDNA was quantified as described under “Experimental Procedures.” Asterisks indicate significant differences as compared with rotenone-treated samples (n = 9; **, p < 0.0005). Error bars, S.E.