Table 2.
Summary of statistically significant dual-task effects (decline, improvement, no change) and related dual-task interference patterns among gait studies
| Study | Motor measures | Dual-task effects on motor measures | Cognitive measures | Dual-task effects on cognitive measures | Pattern of dual-task interference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dennis 2009 | Gait speed, preferred | Significant decline (counting task only) | Serial 3s counting accuracy | No change | Cognitive-related motor interference |
| Clock task accuracy | No change | No interference | |||
| Gait speed, fast | Significant decline (counting task only) | Serial 3s counting accuracy | No change | Cognitive-related motor interference | |
| Clock task accuracy | Significant decline | Motor-related cognitive interference | |||
| Haggard 2000 | Stride duration | Significant decline (for all cognitive tasks) | Word generation accuracy and RT | Significant decline (accuracy only) | Mutual interference |
| Mental arithmetic accuracy and RT | No change | Cognitive-related motor interference | |||
| Paired associate monitoring accuracy and RT | Significant decline (accuracy only) | Mutual interference | |||
| Clock task accuracy and RT | Significant decline (accuracy only) | Mutual interference | |||
| Stride duration variability | No change | Word generation accuracy and RT | As above | Motor-related cognitive interference | |
| Mental arithmetic accuracy and RT | As above | No interference | |||
| Paired associate monitoring accuracy and RT | As above | Motor-related cognitive interference | |||
| Clock task accuracy and RT | As above | Motor-related cognitive interference | |||
| Hyndman 2006 | Gait speed; Stride length | Significant decline | Number of items correctly recalled from grocery list | Significant decline | Mutual interference |
| Kemper 2006 | Cadence | No change | Linguistic measures of language | Significant decline | Motor-related cognitive interference |
| Time on task | Significant decline | Linguistic measures of language | As above | Mutual interference | |
| Plummer-D'Amato 2008 | Gait speed; Stride length; Cadence | Significant decline (for all cognitive tasks) | 1-back RT and accuracy | No change | Cognitive-related motor interference |
| Clock task RT and accuracy | No change | Cognitive-related motor interference | |||
| Spontaneous speech: Words/utterance | No change | Cognitive-related motor interference | |||
| Utterances/narrative | Significant decline | Mutual interference | |||
| Words/narrative | Significant decline | Mutual interference | |||
| Fillers/utterance | No change | Cognitive-related motor interference | |||
| Pauses/utterance | Significant decline | Mutual interference | |||
| Clauses/utterance | No change | Cognitive-related motor interference | |||
| Grammar | No change | Cognitive-related motor interference | |||
| New information | Significant improvement | Cognitive-priority trade off | |||
| Stride duration | Significant decline (clock and speech tasks only) | 1-back RT and accuracy | As above | No interference | |
| Clock task RT and accuracy | As above | As above | |||
| Spontaneous speech: (as above) | As above | As above | |||
| Stride duration variability | No change | 1-back RT and accuracy | As above | No interference | |
| Clock task RT and accuracy | As above | No interference | |||
| Spontaneous speech: Words/utterance | No change | No interference | |||
| Utterances/narrative | Significant decline | Motor-related cognitive interference | |||
| Words/narrative | Significant decline | Motor-related cognitive interference | |||
| Fillers/utterance | No change | No interference | |||
| Pauses/utterance | Significant decline | Motor-related cognitive interference | |||
| Clauses/utterance | No change | No interference | |||
| Grammar | No change | No interference | |||
| New information | Significant improvement | Cognitive facilitation | |||
| Plummer-D'Amato 2010 | DLS total; DLS paretic loading phase | Significant decline | Cognitive performance reported in Plummer-D'Amato 2008 | See Plummer-D'Amato 2008 | 1-back and clock tasks: Cognitive-related motor interference |
| Spontaneous speech: As for gait speed, stride length, cadence (see Plummer-D'Amato 2008) | |||||
| Swing duration (paretic limb) | Significant decline | As above | |||
| DLS paretic unloading; Swing duration variability; Temporal asymmetry | No change | 1-back and clock tasks: No interference | |||
| Spontaneous speech: As for stride duration variability (see Plummer-D'Amato 2008) | |||||
| Regnaux 2005 (treadmill walking) | Stride duration | No change | Reaction time (probe reaction time task) | Significant decline | Motor-related cognitive interference |
Abbreviations: DLS, double limb support duration; RT, reaction time