Figure 3.
Trees representing the relationship between subspecies of Apis mellifera based on SNP data presented in Whitfield et al. (2006). (A) Consensus neighbor-joining tree based on pairwise FST distances between the subspecies and three outgroups combined. Subspecies cluster into four previously defined groups (M, C, O, and A), and the root branches from the tree between the A+M and C+O clusters. (B) Neighbor-joining majority-rule consensus tree based on allele-sharing distances among all subspecies and outgroup samples derived from 100 bootstrap replicates. As observed by Whitfield et al. (2006), the outgroup is firmly attached among African subspecies. (C) Two competing reconstructions with regards to position of the outgroup are recovered when the subspecies A. m. intermissa is removed from the data set: (i) The outgroup clusters with the M group in 68% of the bootstrap replicates. (ii) In the second most strongly supported position (17% of the trees), the outgroup is instead positioned between the A+M and C+O groups. The diagram shows the relative weight of the two reconstructions.