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Schematic of partial ligation of the left common carotid artery (LCA) branches. Three branches of the LCA (external carotid artery [ECA], internal carotid artery [ICA], and occipital artery [OA]) were ligated using 6-0 suture, while leaving the superior thyroid artery (STA) patent to create oscillatory and low shear stress in the LCA. Reprinted with permission from Nam et al. (121). LSA, left subclavian artery; RSA, right subclavian artery.
