Figure 1. Acetylation regulation of metabolic enzymes.
Most intermediate metabolic enzymes are acetylated. The five major pathways that include enzymes whose regulation by acetylation has been characterized—gluconeogenesis (a), glycolysis (b), glycogen metabolism (C), fatty acid metabolism (d) and the urea cycle and nitrogen metabolism (e)--are illustrated. Substrates and products are colored in black. Metabolic enzymes are colored in red if their acetylations have been identified or blue if not. The red arrows, facing up or down, next to the enzymes indicate a stimulatory or inhibitory effect, respectively, on the enzyme activity by acetylation as determined by in vitro biochemical experiments