Table 3.
Mobility outcomes in old age regressed on self-reported physical activity in midlife
| Short Physical Performance Battery |
Unable to walk 400 meters |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Men b weight (SE) | Women b weight (SE) | Men Odds ratio (95% CI) | Women Odds ratio (95% CI) | |
| MODEL 1 | ||||
| Age (years) | −0.14 (0.01)** | −0.20 (0.02)** | 1.17 (1.08–1.25)** | 1.22 (1.15–1.29)** |
| Education (years) | 0.03 (0.02) | 0.06 (0.04) | 0.89 (0.76–1.05) | 0.88 (0.74–1.05) |
| Cigarette smoking | ||||
| Ever (vs never smoker) | −0.17 (0.19) | −0.05 (0.26) | 0.94 (0.35–2.53) | 1.53 (0.45–5.15) |
| Total pack-years | −0.00 (0.00) | −0.01 (0.01) | 1.00 (0.98–1.03) | 1.05 (1.01–1.10)* |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | −0.05 (0.03) | −0.02 (0.02) | 1.06 (0.92–1.22) | 1.14 (1.05–1.24)* |
| Lifetime physical activity to age 60 | ||||
| Level I | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Level II | 0.34 (0.27) | 0.34 (0.22) | 0.40 (0.12–1.36) | 1.13 (0.48–2.67) |
| Level III | 0.72 (0.29)* | 0.84 (0.30)** | 0.14 (0.03–0.58)** | 0.85 (0.26–2.72) |
| p for trend | p = 0.007 | p = 0.006 | p = 0.006 | p = 0.853 |
| MODEL 2 (morbid conditions + Model 1 covariates)a | ||||
| Lifetime physical activity to age 60 | ||||
| Level I | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Level II | 0.26 (0.26) | 0.30 (0.21) | 0.48 (0.14–1.67) | 1.16 (0.48–2.84) |
| Level III | 0.67 (0.28)* | 0.84 (0.29)** | 0.15 (0.04–0.68)* | 0.73 (0.22–2.39) |
| p for trend | p = 0.007 | p = 0.005 | p = 0.010 | p = 0.680 |
| MODEL 3 (physiologic impairments + Model 2 covariates)b | ||||
| Lifetime physical activity to age 60 | ||||
| Level I | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Level II | 0.03 (0.24) | 0.27 (0.19) | 0.76 (0.18–3.29) | 1.16 (0.40–3.30) |
| Level III | 0.40 (0.26) | 0.90 (0.27)** | 0.22 (0.04–1.19) | 0.52 (0.13–2.08) |
| p for trend | p = 0.042 | p = 0.002 | p = 0.047 | p = 0.434 |
| Sample size | 376 | 458 | 362 | 434 |
a
Model 2 adjusts for Model 1 covariates as well as total number of medical conditions (includes arthritis, cancer, coronary heart disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, diabetes, hip fracture, peripheral arterial disease, and stroke).
b
Model 3 adjusts for Model 2 covariates and the following physiologic measures: Mini-Mental State Examination, nerve conduction velocity, leg muscle power, range of motion of hip (flexor and extensor) and ankle (dorsiflexion and flexor), ankle-brachial index, and serum hemoglobin.
*
p < 0.05;
**
p < 0.01 (all bolded).