Table 1.
Basic characteristics of the included studies
| Study ID | Country | Total analytic sample | Study design | Psychiatric comorbidities studied | Measure of psychiatric comorbidity | Data on clinical outcomes | Data on healthcare utilization outcomes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Azevedo 2017 | Brazil | 115 | Cross-sectional study | Depression | Validated psychometric scale | ✓ | |
| Bickel 2020 | US | 5,341 | Secondary data analysis | PTSD | Chart diagnosis | ✓ | |
| Bryniarski 2021 | Poland | 134 | Cross-sectional study | Anxiety | Clinical diagnosis | ✓ | ✓ |
| Buzgova 2014 | Czech Republic | 93 | Cross-sectional study | Depression; anxiety | Validated psychometric scale | ✓ | |
| Buzgova 2015 | Czech Republic | 225 | Cross-sectional study | Depression; anxiety | Validated psychometric scale | ✓ | |
| Chan 2014 | China | 312 | Secondary data analysis | Depression | Validated psychometric scale |
✓ | |
| Chochinov 2012 | Canada | 15,770 | Cohort study | Schizophrenia | Chart diagnosis | ✓ | |
| Delgado-Guay 2009 | US | 216 | Secondary data analysis | Depression; anxiety | Validated psychometric scale | ✓ | |
| Fond 2019 | France | 12,373 | Cohort study | Schizophrenia | Chart diagnosis | ✓ | ✓ |
| Fond 2020 – 1 | France | 224,492 | Cohort study | Bipolar disorder | Chart diagnosis | ✓ | |
| Fond 2020 – 2 | France | 20,320 | Cohort study | Depression | Chart diagnosis | ✓ | |
| Fond 2021 | France | 38,612 | Cohort study | Depression, schizophrenia OR bipolar disorder | Chart diagnosis | ✓ | |
| Fujisawa 2015 | US | 125 | Secondary data analysis | Depression; anxiety | Validated psychometric scale | ✓ | |
| Ganzini 2010 | US | 256 | Cross-sectional study | Schizophrenia | Chart diagnosis | ✓ | |
| Grotmol 2017 | 8 EU countries | 563 | Cross-sectional study | Depression | Validated psychometric scale | ✓ | |
| Grotmol 2019 | 8 EU countries | 935 | Cross-sectional study | Depression | Validated psychometric scale | ✓ | |
| Henoch 2007 | Sweden | 105 | Cross-sectional study | Depression; anxiety | Validated psychometric scale | ✓ | |
| Hermann 2011 | US | 80 | Cohort study | Depression; anxiety | Validated psychometric scale | ✓ | |
| Huang 2018 | Taiwan | 9,555 | Cohort study | Schizophrenia | Chart diagnosis | ✓ | |
| Huang 2019 | US | 660 | Secondary data analysis | Depression | Validated psychometric scale | ✓ | |
| Irwin 2008 | US | 2,716 | Cross-sectional study | Anxiety | Chart diagnosis | ✓ | |
| Janssens 2019 | Belgium | 125 | Cross-sectional study | Depression; anxiety | Validated psychometric scale | ✓ | |
| Kashyap 2021 | US | 160,367 | Cohort study | Depression; anxiety; schizophrenia; bipolar disorder | Chart diagnosis | ✓ | |
| Lavin 2017 | US | 16,214 | Cohort study | Depression, schizophrenia OR anxiety | Chart diagnosis | ✓ | |
| Liu 2017 | China | 196 | Cohort study | Depression | Validated psychometric scale | ✓ | |
| Lloyd-Williams 2009 | UK | 87 | Cohort study | Depression | Validated psychometric scale | ✓ | |
| Lloyd-Williams 2014 | UK | 629 | Cohort study | Depression | Validated psychometric scale | ✓ | |
| Martens 2013 | Canada | 15,770 | Cohort study | Schizophrenia | Chart diagnosis | ✓ | |
| Masel 2016 | Austria | 68 | Cross-sectional study | Depression; anxiety | Validated psychometric scale | ✓ | |
| McDermott 2018 | US | 13,827 | Cohort study | Depression | Chart diagnosis | ✓ | |
| McMillan 2009 | US | 275 | Secondary data analysis | Depression | Validated psychometric scale | ✓ | |
| Mercadante 2019 | Italy | 314 | Secondary data analysis | Depression; anxiety | Validated psychometric scale | ✓ | |
| Meyer 2003 | UK | 45 | Cohort study | Depression | Validated psychometric scale | ✓ | |
| Mossman 2021 | US | 1,333 | Cohort study | Depression; anxiety | Chart diagnosis | ✓ | |
| Prescott 2017 | US | 529 | Secondary data analysis | Depression | Validated psychometric scale | ✓ | |
| Rodriguez-Mayoral 2020 | Mexico | 100 | Cohort study | Depression | Chart diagnosis | ✓ | |
| Smith 2003 | UK | 68 | Cross-sectional study | Depression; anxiety | Validated psychometric scale | ✓ | |
| Smitz 2006 | US | 109 | Cross-sectional study | Depression | Validated psychometric scale | ✓ | |
| Spencer 2010 | US | 635 | Cohort study | Anxiety | Chart diagnosis | ✓ | ✓ |
| Spilsbury 2018 | Australia | 63,508 | Cohort study | Schizophrenia | Chart diagnosis | ✓ | |
| Sudarisan 2019 | India | 234 | Cross-sectional study | Depression | Validated psychometric scale | ✓ | |
| Teunissen 2007 | The Netherlands | 79 | Cross-sectional study | Depression; anxiety | Validated psychometric scale | ✓ | |
| Viprey 2021 | France | 67,102 | Cohort study | Schizophrenia | Chart diagnosis | ✓ |