. 2012 Jun 14;16(2):346–357. doi: 10.1017/S1368980012002601

Table 3.

Characteristics of cohort studies of coffee consumption and colorectal, colon and rectal cancer risk

First author (year)	Years of study*	Country	No. of subjects	No. of cases	RR	95 % CI	Coffee (‘highest’ v. ‘lowest/non’)	Adjustment factors
Jacobsen (1986)⁽ ⁵³ ⁾	1967–1978 (11·5)	Norway	16 555 (13 664 M, 2891 F)	97 CC, 63 RC	CC: 0·54	0·22, 1·30	‘≤2 cups/d’ v. ‘≥7 cups/d’	Age, sex, alcohol for CC, residence
					RC: 1·07	0·41, 2·79
Wu (1987)⁽ ⁵⁵ ⁾	1981–1985 (4·5)	USA	11 644	146 CRC (58 M, 68 F)	For CRC, M: 1·54	0·6, 3·7	‘4 cups/d’ v. ‘1cup/d’	Age
					For CRC, F: 1·17	0·4, 3·1
Klatsky (1988)⁽ ⁵⁴ ⁾	1978–1984	USA	106 203	203 CC, 66 RC	CC: 0·92	0·80, 1·06	Continuous variable (cups/d)	Age, sex, alcohol, smoking, BMI, race, education, serum cholesterol
					RC: 0·84	0·66, 1·07
Stensvold (1994)⁽ ³⁷ ⁾	1977–1990 (10·1)	Norway	42 973 (21 735 M, 21 238 F)	130 CC, 79 RC	For CC, M: 0·90	0·35, 2·39	Continuous variable (cups/d)	Age, smoking, residence
					For CC, F: 0·82	0·22, 3·05
					For RC, M: 0·66	0·18, 2·49
					For RC, F: 0·47	0·10, 2·19
Hartman (1998)⁽ ¹⁹ ⁾	1985–1993 (8·0)	Finland	27 111 M smokers	106 CC, 79 RC	CC: 0·84	0·50, 1·40	‘>6 cups/d’ v. ‘≤4 cups/d’	Age, BMI, Ca, PA, intervention group for both CC and RC, serum cholesterol, tea for RC
					RC: 0·74	0·40, 1·36
Michels (2005)⁽ ^36a ⁾	1980–1998	USA	87 794 F	886 CRC (731 CC, 155 RC)	CRC: 0·94	0·63, 1·40	For CRC and CC: ‘>5 cups/d’ v. ‘never’; for RC: ‘≥4 cups/d’ v. ‘never’	Age, BMI, height, alcohol, smoking, PA, family history of CRC, sigmoidoscopy, aspirin use, vitamin supplement, energy, red meat, menopausal status, postmenopausal hormone use
					CC: 0·85	0·55, 1·32
					RC: 1·80	0·94, 3·44
Michels (2005)⁽ ^36b ⁾	1986–1998	USA	46 099 M	552 CRC (446 CC, 106 RC)	CRC: 1·09	0·55, 2·17	For CRC and CC: ‘>5 cups/d’ v. ‘never’; for RC: ‘≥4 cups/d’ v. ‘never’	Age, BMI, height, alcohol, smoking, PA, family history of CRC, sigmoidoscopy, aspirin use, vitamin supplement, energy, red meat
					CC: 1·39	0·69, 2·78
					RC: 1·33	0·69, 2·56
Larsson (2006)⁽ ²¹ ⁾	1998–2004	Sweden	81 922 (45 306 M, 36 616 F)	723 CRC (469 CC, 256 RC)	CRC: 1·06	0·74, 1·52	‘≥6 cups/d’ v. ‘<1 cup/d’	Age, BMI, smoking, PA, family history of CRC and diabetes, aspirin use, multivitamin use, energy, red meat, fruits, vegetables, milk, for women postmenopausal hormone use
					CC: 1·16	0·73, 1·85
					RC: 0·92	0·51, 1·65
Mucci (2006)⁽ ¹⁷ ⁾	1987–2003	Sweden	61 467 F	741 CRC (504 CC, 237 RC)	CRC: 1·0	0·7, 1·3	‘≥4 cups/d’ v. ‘≤1 cup/d	Age at screening, BMI, education, alcohol, energy, saturated fat, fibre
					CC: 1·1	0·8, 1·5
					RC: 0·9	0·6, 1·4
Oba (2006)⁽ ²⁵ ⁾	1993–2000	Japan	30 221 (13 894 M, 16 327 F)	213 CC (111 M, 102 F)	For CC, M: 0·81	0·46, 1·42	‘≥1 cup/d’ v. ‘<1 cup/month’	Age, BMI, height, alcohol, smoking, PA, black/green tea
					For CC, F: 0·43	0·22, 0·85
Lee (2007)⁽ ²² ⁾	1990–2002 (10)	Japan	96 162 (46 023 M, 50 139 F)	1163 CRC (763 CC, 400 RC)	For CRC, M: 1·10	0·82, 1·47	‘≥3 cups/d’ v. ‘almost never’	Age, BMI, alcohol, smoking, PA, study area, family history of CRC, beef, pork, green vegetables, black/green tea, Chinese tea
					For CRC, F: 0·68	0·40, 1·15
Naganuma (2007)⁽ ²³ ⁾	1990–2001 (11·0)	Japan	38 701 (18 867 M, 19 834 F)	457 CRC (281 CC, 180 RC)	CRC: 0·95	0·65, 1·39	‘≥3 cups/d’ v. ‘never’	Age, sex, BMI, alcohol, smoking, walking time, family history, education, energy, fruits, vegetables, meat, tea; for F, menopausal status, numbers of pregnancies and deliveries, age at menarche, age at first delivery
					CC: 0·96	0·58, 1·59
					RC: 0·94	0·53, 1·66
Bidel (2010)⁽ ⁵² ⁾	1972–2006 (18)	Finland	60 041 (29 159 M, 30 882 F)	538 CRC (304 CC, 234 RC)	CRC: 1·03	0·58, 1·83	‘≥10 cups/d’ v. ‘0 cup/d’	Age, sex, study year, education, cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, leisure-time PA, history of diabetes, tea consumption, BMI
					CC: 0·72	0·35, 1·47
					RC: 0·99	0·71, 5·55
Nilsson (2010)⁽ ²⁴ ⁾	1992–2007 (6)	Sweden	64 603 (32 425 M, 32 178 F)	321 CRC (174 M, 147 F)	CRC: 1·43	0·86, 2·38	‘≥4 cups/d’ v. ‘<1 cup/d	Age, sex, BMI, smoking, education, recreational PA
Peterson (2010)⁽ ³² ⁾	1993–2005 (9·8)	Singapore	61 321	591 CC, 370 RC	CC: 0·90	0·73, 1·11	‘≥2 cups/d’ v. ‘<1 cup/d	Age, sex, dialect group, year of recruitment, education, BMI, smoking, alcohol and tea, PA, history of diabetes, family history of CRC
					RC: 1·06	0·81, 1·37
Simons (2010)⁽ ²⁷ ⁾	1986–1999 (13·3)	Holland	120 852 (58 279 M, 62 573 F)	2899 CRC (1260 M, 939 F)/ 3877 CON	For CRC, M: 1·00For CRC, F: 1·07	0·74, 1·360·74, 1·55	‘>6 cups/d’ v. ‘≤2 cups/d’	Age, family history of CRC, PA, smoking, educational, BMI, ethanol, meat, processed meat, folate, vitamin B₆, fibre, fluid

RR, relative ratio; M, males; F, females; CC, colon cancer; RC, rectal cancer; CRC, colorectal cancer; CON, control; PA, physical activity.

*Mean or median duration of follow-up in parentheses.